hyperbolic tangent function

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1: 4.32 Inequalities

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4.32.2 $x>0$,

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\sin z$: sine function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E2

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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4.32.4 $$\arctan x\le \frac{1}{2}\pi \tanh x,$$ $x\ge 0$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\arctan z$: arctangent function and $x$: real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.32.E4

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Annotations for §4.32 and Ch.4

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2: 4.1 Special Notation

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$k,m,n$	integers.
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… ►; the hyperbolic trigonometric (or just hyperbolic) functions $\sinh z$, $\cosh z$, $\tanh z$, $\mathrm{csch}z$, $\mathrm{sech}z$, $\coth z$; the inverse hyperbolic functions $\mathrm{arcsinh}z$, $\mathrm{Arcsinh}z$, etc. …

3: 4.31 Special Values and Limits

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4.31.2 $$\underset{z\to 0}{lim}\frac{\tanh z}{z}=1,$$

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Symbols:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.31.E2

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.31 and Ch.4

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4: 4.29 Graphics

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§4.29(i) Real Arguments

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Figure 4.29.3: $\tanh x$ and $\coth x$. Magnify

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§4.29(ii) Complex Arguments

►The conformal mapping $w=\sinh z$ is obtainable from Figure 4.15.7 by rotating both the $w$-plane and the $z$-plane through an angle $\frac{1}{2}\pi$, compare (4.28.8). ►The surfaces for the complex hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions are similar to the surfaces depicted in §4.15(iii) for the trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. …

5: 22.10 Maclaurin Series

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22.10.7 $$\mathrm{sn}(z,k)=\tanh z-\frac{k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2}{4}(z-\sinh z\cosh z){\mathrm{sech}}^{2}z+O\left(k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^4\right),$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $\mathrm{sn}(z,k)$: Jacobian elliptic function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $z$: complex, $k$: modulus and $k^{\prime }$: complementary modulus

A&S Ref:

16.15.1

Referenced by:

§22.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.10.E7

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Annotations for §22.10(ii), §22.10 and Ch.22

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22.10.8 $$\mathrm{cn}(z,k)=\mathrm{sech}z+\frac{k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2}{4}(z-\sinh z\cosh z)\tanh z\mathrm{sech}z+O\left(k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^4\right),$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $\mathrm{cn}(z,k)$: Jacobian elliptic function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $z$: complex, $k$: modulus and $k^{\prime }$: complementary modulus

A&S Ref:

16.15.2

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.10.E8

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Annotations for §22.10(ii), §22.10 and Ch.22

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22.10.9 $$\mathrm{dn}(z,k)=\mathrm{sech}z+\frac{k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2}{4}(z+\sinh z\cosh z)\tanh z\mathrm{sech}z+O\left(k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^4\right).$$

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Symbols:

$O\left(x\right)$: order not exceeding, $\mathrm{dn}(z,k)$: Jacobian elliptic function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $z$: complex, $k$: modulus and $k^{\prime }$: complementary modulus

A&S Ref:

16.15.3

Referenced by:

§22.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.10.E9

Encodings:

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Annotations for §22.10(ii), §22.10 and Ch.22

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6: 4.35 Identities

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4.35.12 $${\mathrm{sech}}^{2}z=1-{\tanh }^{2}z,$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.17

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E12

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.35(ii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.22 $$\tanh \frac{z}{2}={\left(\frac{\cosh z-1}{\cosh z+1}\right)}^{1/2}=\frac{\cosh z-1}{\sinh z}=\frac{\sinh z}{\cosh z+1}.$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.30

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E22

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.35(iii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.26 $$\sinh \left(2z\right)=2\sinh z\cosh z=\frac{2\tanh z}{1-{\tanh }^{2}z},$$

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Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.31

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E26

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.35(iii), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.36 $$\tanh z=\frac{\sinh \left(2x\right)+\mathrm{i}\sin \left(2y\right)}{\cosh \left(2x\right)+\cos \left(2y\right)},$$

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $y$: real variable and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.51

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E36

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.35(iv), §4.35 and Ch.4

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4.35.40 $$|\tanh z|={\left(\frac{\cosh \left(2x\right)-\cos \left(2y\right)}{\cosh \left(2x\right)+\cos \left(2y\right)}\right)}^{1/2}.$$

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Symbols:

$\cos z$: cosine function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $x$: real variable, $y$: real variable and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.58

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.35.E40

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.35(iv), §4.35 and Ch.4

7: 4.28 Definitions and Periodicity

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4.28.4 $$\tanh z=\frac{\sinh z}{\cosh z},$$

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Defines:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function

Symbols:

$\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E4

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.28 and Ch.4

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4.28.7 $$\coth z=\frac{1}{\tanh z}.$$

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Defines:

$\coth z$: hyperbolic cotangent function

Symbols:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.6

Referenced by:

§4.45(i), §4.45(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E7

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.28 and Ch.4

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4.28.10 $$\tan \left(\mathrm{i}z\right)=\mathrm{i}\tanh z,$$

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Symbols:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\tan z$: tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.9

Referenced by:

§22.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.28.E10

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.28, §4.28 and Ch.4

… ►The functions $\sinh z$ and $\cosh z$ have period $2\pi \mathrm{i}$, and $\tanh z$ has period $\pi \mathrm{i}$. …

8: 4.34 Derivatives and Differential Equations

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4.34.3 $$\frac{d}{dz}\tanh z={\mathrm{sech}}^{2}z,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.73

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E3

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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4.34.5 $$\frac{d}{dz}\mathrm{sech}z=-\mathrm{sech}z\tanh z,$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\mathrm{sech}z$: hyperbolic secant function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.5.75

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.34.E5

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.34 and Ch.4

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9: 4.37 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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4.37.6 $$\mathrm{Arccoth}z=\mathrm{Arctanh}\left(1/z\right).$$

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Defines:

$\mathrm{Arccoth}z$: general inverse hyperbolic cotangent function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{Arctanh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.37.E6

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.37(i), §4.37 and Ch.4

… ►Each is two-valued on the corresponding cut(s), and each is real on the part of the real axis that remains after deleting the intersections with the corresponding cuts. … ►

4.37.9 $$\mathrm{arccoth}z=\mathrm{arctanh}\left(1/z\right),$$ $z\ne \pm 1$.

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Defines:

$\mathrm{arccoth}z$: inverse hyperbolic cotangent function

Symbols:

$\mathrm{arctanh}z$: inverse hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.6.6

Referenced by:

§4.37(iv), §4.45(i), §4.45(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.37.E9

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.37(ii), §4.37 and Ch.4

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4.37.28 $$z=\tanh w,$$

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Symbols:

$\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function and $z$: complex variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.37.E28

Encodings:

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Annotations for §4.37(v), §4.37 and Ch.4

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4.37.31 $$w=\mathrm{Arctanh}z=\mathrm{arctanh}z+k\pi \mathrm{i},$$ $z\ne \pm 1$.

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Symbols:

$\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{arctanh}z$: inverse hyperbolic tangent function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathrm{Arctanh}z$: general inverse hyperbolic tangent function, $k$: integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

4.6.10

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/4.37.E31

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §4.37(v), §4.37 and Ch.4

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10: 4.30 Elementary Properties

§4.30 Elementary Properties

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Table 4.30.1: Hyperbolic functions: interrelations. All square roots have their principal values when the functions are real, nonnegative, and finite.

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	$\sinh \theta =a$	$\cosh \theta =a$	$\tanh \theta =a$	$\mathrm{csch}\theta =a$	$\mathrm{sech}\theta =a$	$\coth \theta =a$
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$\tanh \theta$	$a{(1+a^2)}^{-1/2}$	$a^{-1}{(a^2-1)}^{1/2}$	$a$	${(1+a^2)}^{-1/2}$	${(1-a^2)}^{1/2}$	$a^{-1}$
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