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1: 16.18 Special Cases

§16.18 Special Cases

►The ${}_1{}^{}F_1^{}$ and ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}$ functions introduced in Chapters 13 and 15, as well as the more general ${}_p{}^{}F_q^{}$ functions introduced in the present chapter, are all special cases of the Meijer $G$-function. …

2: 19.14 Reduction of General Elliptic Integrals

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§19.14(ii) General Case

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3: 8.18 Asymptotic Expansions of $I_x(a,b)$

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General Case

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4: Guide to Searching the DLMF

… ►DLMF search is generally case-insensitive except when it is important to be case-sensitive, as when two different special functions have the same standard names but one name has a lower-case initial and the other is has an upper-case initial, such as si and Si, gamma and Gamma. …

5: 32.8 Rational Solutions

… ►In the general case assume $\gamma \delta \ne 0$, so that as in §32.2(ii) we may set $\gamma =1$ and $\delta =-1$. … ►In the general case assume $\delta \ne 0$, so that as in §32.2(ii) we may set $\delta =-\frac{1}{2}$. … ►In the general case, ${\text{P}}_{\text{VI}}$ has rational solutions if …

6: 16.2 Definition and Analytic Properties

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§16.2(ii) Case $p\le q$

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§16.2(iii) Case $p=q+1$

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§16.2(iv) Case $p>q+1$

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Polynomials

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7: 20.2 Definitions and Periodic Properties

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Figure 20.2.1: $z$-plane. …Left-hand diagram is the rectangular case ($\tau$ purely imaginary); right-hand diagram is the general case. …

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8: 23.22 Methods of Computation

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In the general case, given by $cd\ne 0$, we compute the roots $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, say, of the cubic equation $4t^3-ct-d=0$; see §1.11(iii). These roots are necessarily distinct and represent $e_1$, $e_2$, $e_3$ in some order.

If $c$ and $d$ are real, and the discriminant is positive, that is $c^3-27d^2>0$, then $e_1$, $e_2$, $e_3$ can be identified via (23.5.1), and $k^2$, $k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2$ obtained from (23.6.16).

If , or $c$ and $d$ are not both real, then we label $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ so that the triangle with vertices $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ is positively oriented and $[\alpha ,\gamma ]$ is its longest side (chosen arbitrarily if there is more than one). In particular, if $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ are collinear, then we label them so that $\beta$ is on the line segment $(\alpha ,\gamma )$. In consequence, $k^2=(\beta -\gamma )/(\alpha -\gamma )$, $k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2=(\alpha -\beta )/(\alpha -\gamma )$ satisfy $\mathrm{\Im }{k}^2\ge 0\ge \mathrm{\Im }k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2$ (with strict inequality unless $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ are collinear); also $|k^2|$, $|k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2|\le 1$.

Finally, on taking the principal square roots of $k^2$ and $k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2$ we obtain values for $k$ and $k^{\prime }$ that lie in the 1st and 4th quadrants, respectively, and $2{\omega }_1$, $2{\omega }_3$ are given by

23.22.1 $$2{\omega }_{1}M(1,k^{\prime })=-2\mathrm{i}{\omega }_{3}M(1,k)=\frac{\pi }{3}\sqrt{\frac{c(2+k^{2}k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2)(k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2-k^2)}{d(1-k^{2}k_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^2)}},$$

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Symbols:

$M(a,g)$: arithmetic-geometric mean, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, ${\omega }_1$, ${\omega }_3$, ${\omega }_2=-{\omega }_1-{\omega }_3$: lattice generators, $k$: modulus and $k^{\prime }$: complementary modulus

Proof sketch:

Combine (23.6.16), (23.6.17), (22.20.6), (23.3.5)–(23.3.7), and use analytical continuation.

Referenced by:

§23.22(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.22.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.22(ii), §23.22(ii), §23.22 and Ch.23

where $M$ denotes the arithmetic-geometric mean (see §§19.8(i) and 22.20(ii)). This process yields 2 possible pairs ($2{\omega }_1$, $2{\omega }_3$), corresponding to the 2 possible choices of the square root.

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If $d=0$, then

23.22.2 $$2{\omega }_1=-2\mathrm{i}{\omega }_3=\frac{{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)\right)}^2}{2\sqrt{\pi }{c}^{1/4}}.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit and ${\omega }_1$, ${\omega }_3$, ${\omega }_2=-{\omega }_1-{\omega }_3$: lattice generators

Referenced by:

§22.20(iv), §23.22(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.22.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.22(ii), §23.22(ii), §23.22 and Ch.23

There are 4 possible pairs ($2{\omega }_1$, $2{\omega }_3$), corresponding to the 4 rotations of a square lattice. The lemniscatic case occurs when $c>0$ and ${\omega }_1>0$.

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If $c=0$, then

23.22.3 $$2{\omega }_1=2{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \mathrm{i}/3}{\omega }_3=\frac{{\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}^3}{2\pi d^{1/6}}.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit and ${\omega }_1$, ${\omega }_3$, ${\omega }_2=-{\omega }_1-{\omega }_3$: lattice generators

Referenced by:

§23.22(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.22.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §23.22(ii), §23.22(ii), §23.22 and Ch.23

There are 6 possible pairs ($2{\omega }_1$, $2{\omega }_3$), corresponding to the 6 rotations of a lattice of equilateral triangles. The equianharmonic case occurs when $d>0$ and ${\omega }_1>0$.

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9: 25.16 Mathematical Applications

… ► $H\left(s\right)$ is the special case $H(s,1)$ of the function …

10: 16.8 Differential Equations

… ►Analytical continuation formulas for ${}_{q+1}{}^{}F_q^{}(𝐚;𝐛;z)$ near $z=1$ are given in Bühring (1987b) for the case $q=2$, and in Bühring (1992) for the general case. …