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11: 3.6 Linear Difference Equations

… ►See also Gautschi (1967) and Gil et al. (2007a, Chapter 4) for the computation of recessive solutions via continued fractions. …

12: 5.10 Continued Fractions

§5.10 Continued Fractions

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5.10.1 $$\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)+z-\left(z-\frac{1}{2}\right)\ln z-\frac{1}{2}\ln \left(2\pi \right)=\frac{a_0}{z+}\frac{a_1}{z+}\frac{a_2}{z+}\frac{a_3}{z+}\frac{a_4}{z+}\frac{a_5}{z+}\mathrm{\cdots },$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{Ln}z$: general logarithm function, $\ln z$: principal branch of logarithm function, $z$: complex variable and $a_k$: coefficient

Referenced by:

Erratum (V1.0.10) for Equations (5.9.10), (5.9.11), (5.10.1), (5.11.1), (5.11.8)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.10.E1

Encodings:

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Addition (effective with 1.0.10):

To increase the region of validity of this equation, the logarithm of the gamma function that appears on its left-hand side has been changed to $\mathrm{Ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$, where $\mathrm{Ln}$ is the general logarithm. Originally $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$ was used, where $\ln$ is the principal branch of the logarithm.

Suggested 2015-02-13 by Philippe Spindel

See also:

Annotations for §5.10 and Ch.5

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13: 14.32 Methods of Computation

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Numerical integration (§3.7) of the defining differential equations (14.2.2), (14.20.1), and (14.21.1).

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Evaluation (§3.10) of the continued fractions given in §14.14. See Gil and Segura (2000).

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14: Bibliography C

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On Stieltjes’ continued fraction for the gamma function. Math. Comp. 34 (150), pp. 547–551.

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External Links:

ISSN 0025-5718, FullText, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§5.10.

Encodings:

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Numerical integration of related Hankel transforms by quadrature and continued fraction expansion. Geophysics 48 (12), pp. 1671–1686.

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Notes:

Fortran code.

External Links:

ISSN 0098-3500, Document

Referenced by:

§10.77(ix).

Encodings:

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Tables of Jacobian Elliptic Functions Whose Arguments are Rational Fractions of the Quarter Period. National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables, Vol. 7, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.

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External Links:

ISBN 00-791-1158-0, MathReview (John Todd), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§22.20(vii), §22.21.

Encodings:

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Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht.

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Referenced by:

Profile Annie A. M. Cuyt.

Encodings:

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Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions. Springer, New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 978-1-4020-6948-2, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.10, §10.33, §10.55, §10.74(v), §12.6, §13.17, §13.5, §15.7, §16.4(iv), §17.6(vi), §17.7(ii), §18.13, §3.10(ii), §3.10(iii), §4.25, §4.39, §4.9(i), §4.9(ii), §4.9(iii), §5.10, §5.15, §6.9, §7.18(v), §7.22(i), §7.9, §8.17(v), §8.19(vii), §8.9.

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15: Bibliography B

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An Introduction to Linear Difference Equations. Dover Publications Inc., New York.

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Notes:

Unaltered republication of the original 1927 Harvard University edition.

External Links:

MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§8.1, Notations P, Notations Q.

Encodings:

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Vortices in Ginzburg-Landau Equations. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. III (Berlin, 1998), pp. 11–19.

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External Links:

ISSN 1431-0643, FullText, MathReview Entry, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§17.17.

Encodings:

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Ordinary differential equations. Fourth edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-471-86003-4, MathReview (Michal Čverčko)

Referenced by:

§1.13(viii), §1.13(viii), §1.18(iv).

Encodings:

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Numerical evaluation of continued fractions. SIAM Rev. 6 (4), pp. 383–421.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (E. Frank), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.10(iii), §3.10(ii).

Encodings:

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Fast evaluation of the gamma function for small rational fractions using complete elliptic integrals of the first kind. IMA J. Numer. Anal. 12 (4), pp. 519–526.

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External Links:

ISSN 0272-4979, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§5.21, §5.24(ii).

Encodings:

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16: Errata

… ►The specific updates to Chapter 18 include some results for general orthogonal polynomials including quadratic transformations, uniqueness of orthogonality measure and completeness, moments, continued fractions, and some special classes of orthogonal polynomials. … ►

A number of changes were made with regard to fractional integrals and derivatives. In §1.15(vi) a reference to Miller and Ross (1993) was added, the fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$ was more precisely identified as the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order $\alpha$, and a paragraph was added below (1.15.50) to generalize (1.15.47). In §1.15(vii) the sentence defining the fractional derivative was clarified. In §2.6(iii) the identification of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator was made consistent with §1.15(vi).

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In §15.6, it was noted that (15.6.8) can be rewritten as a fractional integral.

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A new Subsection Continued Fractions, has been added to cover computation of confluent hypergeometric functions by continued fractions.

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A new Subsection Continued Fractions, has been added to cover computation of the Gauss hypergeometric functions by continued fractions.

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17: 5.15 Polygamma Functions

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5.15.9 $${\psi }^{(n)}\left(z\right)\sim {(-1)}^{n-1}\left(\frac{(n-1)!}{z^n}+\frac{n!}{2z^{n+1}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(2k+n-1)!}{(2k)!}\frac{B_{2k}}{z^{2k+n}}\right).$$

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Symbols:

$B_n$: Bernoulli numbers, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\psi \left(z\right)$: psi (or digamma) function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $n$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.4.11

Referenced by:

§5.15, Erratum (V1.1.3) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.15.E9

Encodings:

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Addition (effective with 1.1.3):

This equation was added.

Suggested 2021-09-09 by Calvin Khor

See also:

Annotations for §5.15 and Ch.5

►For $B_{2k}$ see §24.2(i). ►For continued fractions for ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(z\right)$ and ${\psi }^{\prime \prime }\left(z\right)$ see Cuyt et al. (2008, pp. 231–238).

18: 10.74 Methods of Computation

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§10.74(ii) Differential Equations

►A comprehensive and powerful approach is to integrate the differential equations (10.2.1) and (10.25.1) by direct numerical methods. … ►For further information, including parallel methods for solving the differential equations, see Lozier and Olver (1993). … ►

§10.74(v) Continued Fractions

►For applications of the continued-fraction expansions (10.10.1), (10.10.2), (10.33.1), and (10.33.2) to the computation of Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions see Gargantini and Henrici (1967), Amos (1974), Gautschi and Slavik (1978), Tretter and Walster (1980), Thompson and Barnett (1986), and Cuyt et al. (2008). …

19: Bibliography G

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A continued fraction algorithm for the computation of higher transcendental functions in the complex plane. Math. Comp. 21 (97), pp. 18–29.

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External Links:

FullText, MathReview (D. C. Gilles), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.74(v), §3.10(ii).

Encodings:

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Formulas of the Dirichlet-Mehler Type. In Fractional Calculus and its Applications, B. Ross (Ed.), Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 457, pp. 207–215.

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External Links:

MathReview (Mourad E. H. Ismail), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§18.10(i).

Encodings:

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The Computation of Special Functions by Linear Difference Equations. In Advances in Difference Equations (Veszprém, 1995), S. Elaydi, I. Győri, and G. Ladas (Eds.), pp. 213–243.

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External Links:

ISBN 90-5699-521-9, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§3.6(iii), §3.6(vii).

Encodings:

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Linear Differential Equations and Group Theory from Riemann to Poincaré. 2nd edition, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., Boston, MA.

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External Links:

ISBN 0-8176-3837-7, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§15.17(v).

Encodings:

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Special classes of solutions of Painlevé equations. Differ. Uravn. 18 (3), pp. 419–429 (Russian).

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Notes:

In Russian. English translation: Differential Equations 18(3), pp. 317–326.

External Links:

ISSN 0374-0641, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§32.10(iv), §32.10(v), §32.8(iii), §32.8(v), §32.9(ii).

Encodings:

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20: Bibliography S

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A code to evaluate modified Bessel functions based on the continued fraction method. Comput. Phys. Comm. 105 (2-3), pp. 263–272.

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External Links:

ISSN 0010-4655, Document, Code, MathReview, ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

7th item.

Encodings:

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Characterization of Jacobian varieties in terms of soliton equations. Invent. Math. 83 (2), pp. 333–382.

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External Links:

ISSN 0020-9910, Document, MathReview (Bert van Geemen), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§21.9.

Encodings:

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Non-linear integral equations for Heun functions. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) 16, pp. 281–289.

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External Links:

Document, MathReview (J. D. DePree), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§31.10(ii).

Encodings:

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The linear differential equation whose solutions are the products of solutions of two given differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 98 (1), pp. 130–147.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-247X, Document, FullText, MathReview (Wolfgang Bühring), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§1.13(v).

Encodings:

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Root-rational-fraction package for exact calculation of vector-coupling coefficients. Comput. Phys. Comm. 21 (2), pp. 195–205.

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Notes:

Double-precision Fortran, maximum accuracy 16D

External Links:

Document, Code

Referenced by:

10th item.

Encodings:

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