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31: 20.11 Generalizations and Analogs

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20.11.4 $$f(a,b)={\theta }_3\left(z\right|\tau ).$$

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Symbols:

${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $z$: complex and $\tau$: lattice parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.11.E4

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §20.11(ii), §20.11 and Ch.20

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§20.11(iii) Ramanujan’s Change of Base

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20.11.5 $${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)={\theta }_3^2\left(0\right|\tau );$$

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Symbols:

${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\theta }_j\left(z\right|\tau )$: theta function, $\tau$: lattice parameter and $k$: modulus

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.11.E5

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §20.11(iii), §20.11 and Ch.20

… ►These results are called Ramanujan’s changes of base. …

32: Bibliography D

… ►

Bessel functions of purely imaginary order, with an application to second-order linear differential equations having a large parameter. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 21 (4), pp. 995–1018.

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Notes:

Errata: In eq. (2.8) replace ${(x^2/4)}^2$ by ${(x^2/4)}^s$. In eq. (4.2) $\varphi (\zeta )$ should be replaced by $\psi (\zeta )$. In the second line of eq. (4.7) insert an external factor $e^{-2\pi ij/3}$ and change the upper limit of the sum to $n-1$. In eq. (4.15) the factor $\zeta$ is missing from the arguments of the functions Bi_ν and Bi’_ν.

External Links:

ISSN 0036-1410, Document, MathReview (A. de Castro Brzezicki), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§10.24, §10.45, §2.8(iv).

Encodings:

BibTeX

…

33: 2.4 Contour Integrals

… ►The result in §2.3(ii) carries over to a complex parameter $z$. …Then … ►in which $z$ is a large real or complex parameter, $p(\alpha ,t)$ and $q(\alpha ,t)$ are analytic functions of $t$ and continuous in $t$ and a second parameter $\alpha$. … ►The change of integration variable is given by …By making a further change of variable …

34: 33.7 Integral Representations

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33.7.1 $$F_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )=\frac{{\rho }^{\mathrm{\ell }+1}{2}^{\mathrm{\ell }}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}\rho -(\pi \eta /2)}}{|\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mathrm{\ell }+1+\mathrm{i}\eta \right)|}{\int }_0^1{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\mathrm{i}\rho t}{t}^{\mathrm{\ell }+\mathrm{i}\eta }{(1-t)}^{\mathrm{\ell }-\mathrm{i}\eta }dt,$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $F_{\mathrm{\ell }}(\eta ,\rho )$: regular Coulomb radial function, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

Referenced by:

§33.7, §33.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.7.E1

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §33.7 and Ch.33

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33.7.2 $$H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{-}(\eta ,\rho )=\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}\rho }{\rho }^{-\mathrm{\ell }}}{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1)!C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-t}{t}^{\mathrm{\ell }-\mathrm{i}\eta }{(t+2\mathrm{i}\rho )}^{\mathrm{\ell }+\mathrm{i}\eta }dt,$$

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Symbols:

$C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)$: normalizing constant for Coulomb radial functions, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )$: irregular Coulomb radial functions, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

A&S Ref:

14.3.1 (modified)

Referenced by:

§33.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.7.E2

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §33.7 and Ch.33

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33.7.3 $$H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{-}(\eta ,\rho )=\frac{-\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \eta }{\rho }^{\mathrm{\ell }+1}}{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1)!C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(\frac{\exp \left(-\mathrm{i}(\rho \tanh t-2\eta t)\right)}{{(\cosh t)}^{2\mathrm{\ell }+2}}+\mathrm{i}{(1+t^2)}^{\mathrm{\ell }}\exp \left(-\rho t+2\eta \arctan t\right)\right)dt,$$

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Symbols:

$C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)$: normalizing constant for Coulomb radial functions, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\exp z$: exponential function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\tanh z$: hyperbolic tangent function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\arctan z$: arctangent function, $H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )$: irregular Coulomb radial functions, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

A&S Ref:

14.3.3

Referenced by:

§33.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.7.E3

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §33.7 and Ch.33

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33.7.4 $$H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{+}(\eta ,\rho )=\frac{\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\pi \eta }{\rho }^{\mathrm{\ell }+1}}{(2\mathrm{\ell }+1)!C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)}{\int }_{-1}^{-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}\rho t}{(1-t)}^{\mathrm{\ell }-\mathrm{i}\eta }{(1+t)}^{\mathrm{\ell }+\mathrm{i}\eta }dt.$$

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Symbols:

$C_{\mathrm{\ell }}\left(\eta \right)$: normalizing constant for Coulomb radial functions, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $H_{\mathrm{\ell }}^{\pm }(\eta ,\rho )$: irregular Coulomb radial functions, $\mathrm{\ell }$: nonnegative integer, $\rho$: nonnegative real variable and $\eta$: real parameter

A&S Ref:

14.3.2

Referenced by:

§33.7, §33.7

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.7.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §33.7 and Ch.33

…

35: Errata

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The following additions were made in Chapter 18:

• In Subsection 18.2(i), Equation (18.2.1_5); the paragraph title “Orthogonality on Finite Point Sets” has been changed to “Orthogonality on Countable Sets”, and there are minor changes in the presentation of the final paragraph, including a new equation (18.2.4_5). The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iii) has changed, Equation (18.2.5_5) was added and an extra paragraph on standardizations has been included. The presentation of Subsection 18.2(iv) has changed and it has been expanded with two extra paragraphs and several new equations, (18.2.9_5), (18.2.11_1)–(18.2.11_9). Subsections 18.2(v) (with (18.2.12_5), (18.2.14)–(18.2.17)) and 18.2(vi) (with (18.2.17)–(18.2.20)) have been expanded. New subsections, 18.2(vii)–18.2(xii), with Equations (18.2.21)–(18.2.46),

• A new introduction, minor changes in the presentation, and three new paragraphs.

• Extra details for Chebyshev polynomials, and Equations (18.5.4_5), (18.5.11_1)–(18.5.11_4), (18.5.17_5).

• Line numbers and two extra rows were added to Table 18.8.1.

• Subsection 18.9(i) has been expanded, and 18.9(iii) has some additional explanation. Equations (18.9.2_1), (18.9.2_2), (18.9.18_5) and Table 18.9.2 were added.

• Three extra generating functions, (18.12.2_5), (18.12.3_5), (18.12.17).

• Equation (18.14.3_5). New subsection, 18.14(iv), with Equations (18.14.25)–(18.14.27).

• Equation (18.15.4_5).

• The title of Subsection 18.16(iii) was changed from “Ultraspherical and Legendre” to “Ultraspherical, Legendre and Chebyshev”. New subsection, 18.16(vii) Discriminants, with Equations (18.16.19)–(18.16.21).

• Extra explanatory text at many places and seven extra integrals (18.17.16_5), (18.17.21_1)–(18.17.21_3), (18.17.28_5), (18.17.34_5), (18.17.41_5).

• Extra explanatory text at several places and the title of Subsection 18.18(iv) was changed from “Connection Formulas” to “Connection and Inversion Formulas”.

• A new introduction.

• Equation (18.21.13).

• Extra explanatory text in Subsection 18.25(i) and the title of Subsection 18.25(ii) was changed from “Weights and Normalizations: Continuous Cases” to “Weights and Standardizations: Continuous Cases”.

• In Subsection 18.26(i) an extra paragraph on dualities has been included, with Equations (18.26.4_1), (18.26.4_2).

• Extra text at the start of this section and twenty seven extra formulas, (18.27.4_1), (18.27.4_2), (18.27.6_5), (18.27.9_5), (18.27.12_5), (18.27.14_1)–(18.27.14_6), (18.27.17_1)–(18.27.17_3), (18.27.20_5), (18.27.25), (18.27.26), (18.28.1_5).

• A big expansion. Six extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(ii) ((18.28.6_1)–(18.28.6_5)) and three extra formulas in Subsection 18.28(viii) ((18.28.21)–(18.28.23)). New subsections, 18.28(ix)–18.28(xi), with Equations (18.28.23)–(18.28.34).

• Originally this section did not have subsections. The original seven formulas have now more explanatory text and are split over two subsections. New subsections 18.30(iii)–18.30(viii), with Equations (18.30.8)–(18.30.31).

• This short section has been expanded, with Equation (18.32.2).

• Additional references and a new large subsection, 18.33(vi), including Equations (18.33.17)–(18.33.32).

• This section has been expanded, including an extra orthogonality relations (18.34.5_5), (18.34.7_1)–(18.34.7_3).

• This section on Pollaczek polynomials has been significantly updated with much more explanations and as well to include the Pollaczek polynomials of type 3 which are the most general with three free parameters. The Pollaczek polynomials which were previously treated, namely those of type 1 and type 2 are special cases of the type 3 Pollaczek polynomials. In the first paragraph of this section an extensive description of the relations between the three types of Pollaczek polynomials is given which was lacking previously. Equations (18.35.0_5), (18.35.2_1)–(18.35.2_5), (18.35.4_5), (18.35.6_1)–(18.35.6_6), (18.35.10).

• This section on miscellaneous polynomials has been expanded with new subsections, 18.36(v) on non-classical Laguerre polynomials and 18.36(vi) with examples of exceptional orthogonal polynomials, with Equations (18.36.1)–(18.36.10). In the titles of Subsections 18.36(ii) and 18.36(iii) we replaced “OP’s” by “Orthogonal Polynomials”.

• The paragraphs of Subsection 18.38(i) have been re-ordered and one paragraph was added. The title of Subsection 18.38(ii) was changed from “Classical OP’s: Other Applications” to “Classical OP’s: Mathematical Developments and Applications”. Subsection 18.38(iii) has been expanded with seven new paragraphs, and Equations (18.38.4)–(18.38.11).

• This section was completely rewritten. The previous 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics has been replaced by Subsections 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics and 18.39(ii) A 3D Separable Quantum System, the Hydrogen Atom, containing the same essential information; the original content of the subsection is reproduced below for reference. Subsection 18.39(ii) was moved to 18.39(v) Other Applications. New subsections, 18.39(iii) Non Classical Weight Functions of Utility in DVR Method in the Physical Sciences, 18.39(iv) Coulomb–Pollaczek Polynomials and J-Matrix Methods; Equations (18.39.7)–(18.39.48); and Figures 18.39.1, 18.39.2.

  The original text of 18.39(i) Quantum Mechanics was:

  “Classical OP’s appear when the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by separation of variables. Consider, for example, the one-dimensional form of this equation for a particle of mass $m$ with potential energy $V(x)$:

  errata.1 $$\left(\frac{-{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}{2m}\frac{{\partial }^2}{{\partial x}^2}+V(x)\right)\psi (x,t)=i\mathrm{\hslash }\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\psi (x,t),$$

  where $\mathrm{\hslash }$ is the reduced Planck’s constant. On substituting $\psi (x,t)=\eta (x)\zeta (t)$, we obtain two ordinary differential equations, each of which involve the same constant $E$. The equation for $\eta (x)$ is

  errata.2 $$\frac{d^2\eta }{{dx}^2}+\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(x)\right)\eta =0.$$

  For a harmonic oscillator, the potential energy is given by

  errata.3 $$V(x)=\frac{1}{2}m{\omega }^2{x}^2,$$

  where $\omega$ is the angular frequency. For (18.39.2) to have a nontrivial bounded solution in the interval , the constant $E$ (the total energy of the particle) must satisfy

  errata.4 $$E=E_n=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\hslash }\omega ,$$ $n=0,1,2,\mathrm{\dots }$.

  The corresponding eigenfunctions are

  errata.5 $${\eta }_n(x)={\pi }^{-\frac{1}{4}}{2}^{-\frac{1}{2}n}{(n!b)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{H}_n\left(x/b\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-x^2/2b^2},$$

  where $b={(\mathrm{\hslash }/m\omega )}^{1/2}$, and $H_n$ is the Hermite polynomial. For further details, see Seaborn (1991, p. 224) or Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 71-72).

  A second example is provided by the three-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation

  errata.6 $${\nabla }^2\psi +\frac{2m}{{\mathrm{\hslash }}^2}\left(E-V(𝐱)\right)\psi =0,$$

  when this is solved by separation of variables in spherical coordinates (§1.5(ii)). The eigenfunctions of one of the separated ordinary differential equations are Legendre polynomials. See Seaborn (1991, pp. 69-75).

  For a third example, one in which the eigenfunctions are Laguerre polynomials, see Seaborn (1991, pp. 87-93) and Nikiforov and Uvarov (1988, pp. 76-80 and 320-323).”

• The old section is now Subsection 18.40(i) and a large new subsection, 18.40(ii), on the classical moment problem has been added, with formulae (18.40.1)–(18.40.10) and Figures 18.40.1, 18.40.2.

…

36: 8.27 Approximations

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DiDonato (1978) gives a simple approximation for the function $F(p,x)=x^{-p}{\mathrm{e}}^{x^2/2}{\int }_x^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{e}}^{-t^2/2}{t}^{p}dt$ (which is related to the incomplete gamma function by a change of variables) for real $p$ and large positive $x$. This takes the form $F(p,x)=4x/h(p,x)$, approximately, where $h(p,x)=3(x^2-p)+\sqrt{{(x^2-p)}^2+8(x^2+p)}$ and is shown to produce an absolute error $O\left(x^{-7}\right)$ as $x\to \mathrm{\infty }$.

… ►

Luke (1969b, pp. 25, 40–41) gives Chebyshev-series expansions for $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,\omega z)$ (by specifying parameters) with , and $\gamma (a,\omega z)$ with $0\le \omega \le 1$; see also Temme (1994b, §3).

…

37: 12.10 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Parameter

§12.10 Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for Large Parameter

… ►

§12.10(vi) Modifications of Expansions in Elementary Functions

… ► … ►

Modified Expansions

… ►

38: 10.40 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument

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10.40.3 $$I_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(z\right)\sim \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^z}{{(2\pi z)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{(-1)}^k\frac{b_k(\nu )}{z^k},$$ $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \frac{1}{2}\pi -\delta$,

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $I_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the first kind, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\nu$: complex parameter, $\delta$: small positive constant and $b_k(\nu )$: polynomial coefficient

A&S Ref:

9.7.3

Referenced by:

§10.40(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.40.E3

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §10.40(i), §10.40 and Ch.10

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10.40.4 $$K_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(z\right)\sim -{\left(\frac{\pi }{2z}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{b_k(\nu )}{z^k},$$ $|\mathrm{ph}z|\le \frac{3}{2}\pi -\delta$.

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $K_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the second kind, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\nu$: complex parameter, $\delta$: small positive constant and $b_k(\nu )$: polynomial coefficient

A&S Ref:

9.7.4

Referenced by:

§10.40(i), §10.40(i), §10.67(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.40.E4

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §10.40(i), §10.40 and Ch.10

… ►

10.40.6 $$I_{\nu }\left(z\right)K_{\nu }\left(z\right)\sim \frac{1}{2z}\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mu -1}{{(2z)}^2}+\frac{1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}\frac{(\mu -1)(\mu -9)}{{(2z)}^4}-\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $I_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the first kind, $K_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the second kind, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

A&S Ref:

9.7.5

Referenced by:

§10.40(i), §10.40(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.40.E6

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §10.40(i), §10.40(i), §10.40 and Ch.10

►

10.40.7 $$I_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(z\right)K_{\nu }^{\prime }\left(z\right)\sim -\frac{1}{2z}\left(1+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mu -3}{{(2z)}^2}-\frac{1}{2\cdot 4}\frac{(\mu -1)(\mu -45)}{{(2z)}^4}+\mathrm{\cdots }\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $I_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the first kind, $K_{\nu }\left(z\right)$: modified Bessel function of the second kind, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter

A&S Ref:

9.7.6

Referenced by:

§10.40(i), §10.40(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.40.E7

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §10.40(i), §10.40(i), §10.40 and Ch.10

… ►where $𝒱$ denotes the variational operator (§2.3(i)), and the paths of variation are subject to the condition that $|\mathrm{\Re }t|$ changes monotonically. …

39: 31.10 Integral Equations and Representations

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31.10.2 $$\rho (t)=t^{\gamma -1}{(t-1)}^{\delta -1}{(t-a)}^{ϵ-1},$$

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Defines:

$\rho (t)$: weight function (locally)

Symbols:

$\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter and $a$: complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.10.E2

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §31.10(i), §31.10 and Ch.31

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31.10.4 $${𝒟}_z=z(z-1)(z-a)({\partial }^2/{\partial z}^2)+\left(\gamma (z-1)(z-a)+\delta z(z-a)+ϵz(z-1)\right)(\partial /\partial z)+\alpha \beta z.$$

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Defines:

${𝒟}_z$: Heun’s operator (locally)

Symbols:

$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$: partial derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $\partial x$: partial differential of $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter, $a$: complex parameter, $\alpha$: real or complex parameter and $\beta$: real or complex parameter

Referenced by:

§31.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.10.E4

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §31.10(i), §31.10 and Ch.31

… ►

31.10.6 $$p(t)=t^{\gamma }{(t-1)}^{\delta }{(t-a)}^{ϵ}.$$

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Symbols:

$\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter and $a$: complex parameter

Referenced by:

§31.10(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.10.E6

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §31.10(i), §31.10 and Ch.31

… ►

31.10.13 $$\rho (s,t)=(s-t){(st)}^{\gamma -1}{\left((1-s)(1-t)\right)}^{\delta -1}{\left((1-(s/a))(1-(t/a))\right)}^{ϵ-1},$$

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Defines:

$\rho (s,t)$: weight function (locally)

Symbols:

$\gamma$: real or complex parameter, $\delta$: real or complex parameter, $ϵ$: real or complex parameter and $a$: complex parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/31.10.E13

Encodings:

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See also:

Annotations for §31.10(ii), §31.10 and Ch.31

… ►A further change of variables, to spherical coordinates, …

40: 1.13 Differential Equations

… ►

§1.13(iv) Change of Variables

►

Transformation of the Point at Infinity

… ►

Elimination of First Derivative by Change of Dependent Variable

… ►

Elimination of First Derivative by Change of Independent Variable

… ►

Liouville Transformation

…