associated Legendre equation

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1: 14.21 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§14.21(i) Associated Legendre Equation

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§14.21(ii) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions

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2: 14.2 Differential Equations

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§14.2(ii) Associated Legendre Equation

… ►Ferrers functions and the associated Legendre functions are related to the Legendre functions by the equations ${𝖯}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝖯}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, ${𝖰}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝖰}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, $P_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)=P_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, $Q_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)=Q_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝑸}_{\nu }\left(x\right)=Q_{\nu }\left(x\right)/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)$. … ►

§14.2(iii) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions

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14.2.7 $$𝒲\left\{P_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(x\right),P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\right\}=𝒲\left\{{𝖯}_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(x\right),{𝖯}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\right\}=\frac{2\sin \left(\mu \pi \right)}{\pi \left(1-x^2\right)},$$

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Symbols:

: Ferrers function of the first kind, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $𝒲$: Wronskian, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

(14.2.7), §14.21(iii), Erratum (V1.0.9) for Equation (14.2.7)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.2.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.9):

(14.2.7) has been expanded to provide the Wronskian for Ferrers functions as well as for associatedLegendre functions.

Suggested 2014-05-22 by Howard Cohl

See also:

Annotations for §14.2(iv), §14.2 and Ch.14

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3: 14.31 Other Applications

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§14.31(iii) Miscellaneous

►Many additional physical applications of Legendre polynomials and associated Legendre functions include solution of the Helmholtz equation, as well as the Laplace equation, in spherical coordinates (Temme (1996b)), quantum mechanics (Edmonds (1974)), and high-frequency scattering by a sphere (Nussenzveig (1965)). …

4: 14.29 Generalizations

… ►For inhomogeneous versions of the associated Legendre equation, and properties of their solutions, see Babister (1967, pp. 252–264).

5: Howard S. Cohl

… ►Cohl has published papers in orthogonal polynomials and special functions, and is particularly interested in fundamental solutions of linear partial differential equations on Riemannian manifolds, associated Legendre functions, generalized and basic hypergeometric functions, eigenfunction expansions of fundamental solutions in separable coordinate systems for linear partial differential equations, orthogonal polynomial generating function and generalized expansions, and $q$-series. …

6: 30.2 Differential Equations

… ►If $\gamma =0$, Equation (30.2.1) is the associated Legendre differential equation; see (14.2.2). …

7: 14.3 Definitions and Hypergeometric Representations

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14.3.8

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

Referenced by:

§14.3(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(ii), §14.3(ii), §14.3 and Ch.14

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8: Errata

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14.8.9 $${𝑸}_{\nu }\left(x\right)=-\frac{\ln \left(x-1\right)}{2\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)}+\frac{\frac{1}{2}\ln 2-\gamma -\psi \left(\nu +1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)}+O\left(\left(x-1\right)\ln \left(x-1\right)\right),$$ $\nu \ne -1,-2,-3,\mathrm{\dots }$

The symbol $O\left(x-1\right)$ has been corrected to be $O\left(\left(x-1\right)\ln \left(x-1\right)\right)$.

Reported by Mark Ashbaugh on 2022-02-08

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Previously the exponents of the associated Legendre differential equation (14.2.2) at infinity were given incorrectly by $\{-\nu -1,\nu \}$. These were replaced by $\{\nu +1,-\nu \}$.

Reported by Hans Volkmer on 2019-01-30

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10.22.72 $${\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}{J}_{\mu }\left(at\right)J_{\nu }\left(bt\right)J_{\nu }\left(ct\right)t^{1-\mu }dt=\frac{{(bc)}^{\mu -1}\sin \left((\mu -\nu )\pi \right){(\sinh \chi )}^{\mu -\frac{1}{2}}}{{(\frac{1}{2}{\pi }^3)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{a}^{\mu }}{\mathrm{e}}^{(\mu -\frac{1}{2})\mathrm{i}\pi }{Q}_{\nu -\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}-\mu }\left(\cosh \chi \right),$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\mu >-\frac{1}{2},\mathrm{\Re }\nu >-1,a>b+c,\cosh \chi =(a^2-b^2-c^2)/(2bc)$

Originally, the factor on the right-hand side was written as $\frac{{(bc)}^{\mu -1}\cos \left(\nu \pi \right){(\sinh \chi )}^{\mu -\frac{1}{2}}}{{(\frac{1}{2}{\pi }^3)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{a}^{\mu }}$, which was taken directly from Watson (1944, p. 412, (13.46.5)), who uses a different normalization for the associated Legendre function of the second kind $Q_{\nu }^{\mu }$. Watson’s $Q_{\nu }^{\mu }$ equals $\frac{\sin \left((\nu +\mu )\pi \right)}{\sin \left(\nu \pi \right)}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mu \pi \mathrm{i}}{Q}_{\nu }^{\mu }$ in the DLMF.

Reported by Arun Ravishankar on 2018-10-22

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The Wronskian was generalized to include both associated Legendre and Ferrers functions.

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9: Bibliography D

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Convergent expansions for solutions of linear ordinary differential equations having a simple pole, with an application to associated Legendre functions. Stud. Appl. Math. 113 (3), pp. 245–270.

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External Links:

ISSN 0022-2526, Document, MathReview (Wolfgang Bühring), ZentralBlatt

Referenced by:

§14.15(iii), §2.8(i).

Encodings:

BibTeX

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10: 10.19 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order

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10.19.9 $$\begin{array}{c}{H}_{\nu }^{(1)}\left(\nu +a{\nu }^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)\\ H_{\nu }^{(2)}\left(\nu +a{\nu }^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)\end{array}\}\sim \frac{2^{\frac{4}{3}}}{{\nu }^{\frac{1}{3}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \pi \mathrm{i}/3}\mathrm{Ai}\left({\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \pi \mathrm{i}/3}{2}^{\frac{1}{3}}a\right)\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{P_k(a)}{{\nu }^{2k/3}}+\frac{2^{\frac{5}{3}}}{\nu }{\mathrm{e}}^{\pm \pi \mathrm{i}/3}{\mathrm{Ai}}^{\prime }\left({\mathrm{e}}^{\mp \pi \mathrm{i}/3}{2}^{\frac{1}{3}}a\right)\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{Q_k(a)}{{\nu }^{2k/3}},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{Ai}\left(z\right)$: Airy function, $H_{\nu }^{(1)}\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the third kind (or Hankel function), $H_{\nu }^{(2)}\left(z\right)$: Bessel function of the third kind (or Hankel function), $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $\nu$: complex parameter, $P_k(a)$: polynomial coefficient and $Q_k(a)$: polynomial coefficient

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.19.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Correction (effective with 1.0.27):

Originally the polynomials $P_k(a)$, $Q_k(a)$ were incorrectly described as Legendre polynomials and integer-degree, zero-order associatedLegendre functions of the second kind respectively.

See also:

Annotations for §10.19(iii), §10.19 and Ch.10

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