associated Legendre equation

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1: 14.21 Definitions and Basic Properties

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§14.21(i) Associated Legendre Equation

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14.21.1 $$\left(1-z^2\right)\frac{d^{2}w}{{dz}^2}-2z\frac{dw}{dz}+\left(\nu (\nu +1)-\frac{{\mu }^2}{1-z^2}\right)w=0.$$

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Symbols:

$\frac{df}{dx}$: derivative of $f$ with respect to $x$ , $z$: complex variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

A&S Ref:

8.1.1

Referenced by:

§14.21(ii), §14.29, 2nd item

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.21.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.21(i), §14.21 and Ch.14

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§14.21(ii) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions

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2: 14.2 Differential Equations

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§14.2(ii) Associated Legendre Equation

… ►Ferrers functions and the associated Legendre functions are related to the Legendre functions by the equations ${𝖯}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝖯}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, ${𝖰}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝖰}_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, $P_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)=P_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, $Q_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)=Q_{\nu }\left(x\right)$, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^0\left(x\right)={𝑸}_{\nu }\left(x\right)=Q_{\nu }\left(x\right)/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu +1\right)$. … ►

§14.2(iii) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions

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14.2.7 $$𝒲\left\{P_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(x\right),P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\right\}=𝒲\left\{{𝖯}_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(x\right),{𝖯}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right)\right\}=\frac{2\sin \left(\mu \pi \right)}{\pi \left(1-x^2\right)},$$

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Symbols:

: Ferrers function of the first kind, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $𝒲$: Wronskian, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\sin z$: sine function, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Referenced by:

(14.2.7), §14.21(iii), Erratum (V1.0.9) for Equation (14.2.7)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.2.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.0.9):

(14.2.7) has been expanded to provide the Wronskian for Ferrers functions as well as for associatedLegendre functions.

Suggested 2014-05-22 by Howard Cohl

See also:

Annotations for §14.2(iv), §14.2 and Ch.14

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14.2.9 $$𝒲\left\{{𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(x\right),{𝑸}_{-\nu -1}^{\mu }\left(x\right)\right\}=\frac{\cos \left(\nu \pi \right)}{x^2-1},$$

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Symbols:

$𝒲$: Wronskian, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $x$: real variable, $\mu$: general order and $\nu$: general degree

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.2.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.2(iv), §14.2 and Ch.14

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3: 14.31 Other Applications

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§14.31(iii) Miscellaneous

►Many additional physical applications of Legendre polynomials and associated Legendre functions include solution of the Helmholtz equation, as well as the Laplace equation, in spherical coordinates (Temme (1996b)), quantum mechanics (Edmonds (1974)), and high-frequency scattering by a sphere (Nussenzveig (1965)). …

4: 14.29 Generalizations

… ►For inhomogeneous versions of the associated Legendre equation, and properties of their solutions, see Babister (1967, pp. 252–264).

5: Howard S. Cohl

… ►Cohl has published papers in orthogonal polynomials and special functions, and is particularly interested in fundamental solutions of linear partial differential equations on Riemannian manifolds, associated Legendre functions, generalized and basic hypergeometric functions, eigenfunction expansions of fundamental solutions in separable coordinate systems for linear partial differential equations, orthogonal polynomial generating function and generalized expansions, and $q$-series. …

6: 30.2 Differential Equations

… ►If $\gamma =0$, Equation (30.2.1) is the associated Legendre differential equation; see (14.2.2). …

7: 14.12 Integral Representations

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14.12.9 $${𝑸}_n^m\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{n!}{\int }_0^u{\left(x-{\left(x^2-1\right)}^{1/2}\cosh t\right)}^n\cosh \left(mt\right)dt,$$

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Symbols:

${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\int$: integral, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $u$

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.12.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.12(ii), §14.12 and Ch.14

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14.12.11 $${𝑸}_n^m\left(x\right)=\frac{{\left(x^2-1\right)}^{m/2}}{2^{n+1}n!}{\int }_{-1}^1\frac{{\left(1-t^2\right)}^n}{{(x-t)}^{n+m+1}}dt,$$

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Symbols:

${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer and $n$: nonnegative integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.12.E11

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.12(ii), §14.12 and Ch.14

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14.12.12 $${𝑸}_n^m\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{(n-m)!}{P}_n^m\left(x\right){\int }_x^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{dt}{\left(t^2-1\right){\left(P_n^m\left(t\right)\right)}^2},$$ $n\ge m$.

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Symbols:

$P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, $x$: real variable, $m$: nonnegative integer and $n$: nonnegative integer

Referenced by:

§14.17(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.12.E12

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.12(ii), §14.12 and Ch.14

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14.12.13 $${𝑸}_n\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2(n!)}{\int }_{-1}^1\frac{P_n\left(t\right)}{x-t}dt.$$

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Symbols:

$P_n\left(x\right)$: Legendre polynomial, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\int$: integral, ${𝑸}_{\nu }\left(z\right)={𝑸}_{\nu }^0\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $x$: real variable and $n$: nonnegative integer

A&S Ref:

8.8.3 (modified)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.12.E13

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.12(ii), §14.12(ii), §14.12 and Ch.14

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14.12.14 $${𝑸}_n\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{n!}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{dt}{{\left(x+{(x^2-1)}^{1/2}\cosh t\right)}^{n+1}}.$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$dx$: differential of $x$ , $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\int$: integral, ${𝑸}_{\nu }\left(z\right)={𝑸}_{\nu }^0\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $x$: real variable and $n$: nonnegative integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.12.E14

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.12(ii), §14.12(ii), §14.12 and Ch.14

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8: 14.3 Definitions and Hypergeometric Representations

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14.3.8

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

Referenced by:

§14.3(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(ii), §14.3(ii), §14.3 and Ch.14

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14.3.10

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $Q_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the second kind, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

Referenced by:

§14.20(i), §14.21(i), §14.21(iii), §14.6(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(ii), §14.3(ii), §14.3 and Ch.14

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14.3.19

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E19

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(iii), §14.3 and Ch.14

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14.3.20

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $\sin z$: sine function, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

A&S Ref:

8.1.6 (modified)

Referenced by:

§14.21(iii), §14.3(iii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E20

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(iii), §14.3 and Ch.14

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14.3.22

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $C_{\alpha }^{(\lambda )}\left(z\right)$: Gegenbauer function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and : real variable

Referenced by:

§14.3(iv), §14.3(iv), §18.11(i)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.3.E22

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.3(iv), §14.3 and Ch.14

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9: 14.24 Analytic Continuation

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14.24.1 $$P_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z{\mathrm{e}}^{s\pi \mathrm{i}}\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{s\nu \pi \mathrm{i}}{P}_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z\right)+\frac{2\mathrm{i}\sin \left(\left(\nu +\frac{1}{2}\right)s\pi \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-s\pi \mathrm{i}/2}}{\cos \left(\nu \pi \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mu -\nu \right)}{𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right),$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $s$: arbitrary integer

Referenced by:

§14.24, §14.24

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.24.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.24 and Ch.14

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14.24.2 $${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z{\mathrm{e}}^{s\pi \mathrm{i}}\right)={(-1)}^s{\mathrm{e}}^{-s\nu \pi \mathrm{i}}{𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right),$$

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Symbols:

${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex variable, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $s$: arbitrary integer

Referenced by:

§14.23, §14.24

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.24.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.24 and Ch.14

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14.24.3 $$P_{\nu ,s}^{-\mu }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{s\mu \pi \mathrm{i}}{P}_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z\right),$$

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Symbols:

$P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex variable, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $s$: arbitrary integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.24.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.24 and Ch.14

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14.24.4 $${𝑸}_{\nu ,s}^{\mu }\left(z\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-s\mu \pi \mathrm{i}}{𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)-\frac{\pi \mathrm{i}\sin \left(s\mu \pi \right)}{\sin \left(\mu \pi \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\nu -\mu +1\right)}{P}_{\nu }^{-\mu }\left(z\right),$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\sin z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $s$: arbitrary integer

Referenced by:

§14.24

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.24.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.24 and Ch.14

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10: 14.19 Toroidal (or Ring) Functions

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14.19.2 $$P_{\nu -\frac{1}{2}}^{\mu }\left(\cosh \xi \right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}-\mu \right)}{{\pi }^{1/2}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }\right)}^{\mu }{\mathrm{e}}^{(\nu +(1/2))\xi }}𝐅(\frac{1}{2}-\mu ,\frac{1}{2}+\nu -\mu ;1-2\mu ;1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }),$$ $\mu \ne \frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2},\mathrm{\dots }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $\xi >0$: variable

Referenced by:

§14.19(ii), Erratum (V1.0.1) for Equation (14.19.2)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Errata (effective with 1.0.1):

Originally the argument to $𝐅$ was incorrect and the condition on $\mu$ too weak:

$$P_{\nu -\frac{1}{2}}^{\mu }\left(\cosh \xi \right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-2\mu \right)2^{2\mu }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1-\mu \right){\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }\right)}^{\mu }{\mathrm{e}}^{(\nu +(1/2))\xi }}𝐅(\frac{1}{2}-\mu ,\frac{1}{2}+\nu -\mu ;1-2\mu ;{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }),$$ $\mu \ne \frac{1}{2}$.

Also, the factor multiplying $𝐅$ was rewritten to clarify the poles, which determine the correct condition on $\mu$.

Reported 2010-11-02 by Alvaro Valenzuela

See also:

Annotations for §14.19(ii), §14.19 and Ch.14

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14.19.3 $${𝑸}_{\nu -\frac{1}{2}}^{\mu }\left(\cosh \xi \right)=\frac{{\pi }^{1/2}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }\right)}^{\mu }}{{\mathrm{e}}^{(\nu +(1/2))\xi }}𝐅(\mu +\frac{1}{2},\nu +\mu +\frac{1}{2};\nu +1;{\mathrm{e}}^{-2\xi }).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $𝐅(a,b;c;z)$ or $𝐅(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,b}{c};z)$: $={}_2{}^{}𝐅_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$ Olver’s hypergeometric function, $\mu$: general order, $\nu$: general degree and $\xi >0$: variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.19(ii), §14.19 and Ch.14

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14.19.5 $${𝑸}_{n-\frac{1}{2}}^m\left(\cosh \xi \right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+m+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n-m+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\int }_0^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\cosh \left(mt\right)}{{(\cosh \xi +\cosh t\sinh \xi )}^{n+(1/2)}}dt,$$ .

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\int$: integral, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $\xi >0$: variable

A&S Ref:

8.11.4 (modified and corrected)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.19(iii), §14.19 and Ch.14

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14.19.6 $${𝑸}_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\mu }\left(\cosh \xi \right)+2\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mu +n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\mu +\frac{1}{2}\right)}{𝑸}_{n-\frac{1}{2}}^{\mu }\left(\cosh \xi \right)\cos \left(n\varphi \right)=\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}\pi \right)}^{1/2}{\left(\sinh \xi \right)}^{\mu }}{{\left(\cosh \xi -\cos \varphi \right)}^{\mu +(1/2)}},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\mu >-\frac{1}{2}$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos z$: cosine function, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $n$: nonnegative integer, $\mu$: general order and $\xi >0$: variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19.E6

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.19(iv), §14.19 and Ch.14

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14.19.8 $${𝑸}_{n-\frac{1}{2}}^m\left(\cosh \xi \right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(m-n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(m+n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\left(\frac{\pi }{2\sinh \xi }\right)}^{1/2}{P}_{m-\frac{1}{2}}^n\left(\coth \xi \right).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $P_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: associated Legendre function of the first kind, ${𝑸}_{\nu }^{\mu }\left(z\right)$: Olver’s associated Legendre function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cosh z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\coth z$: hyperbolic cotangent function, $\sinh z$: hyperbolic sine function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $n$: nonnegative integer and $\xi >0$: variable

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.19.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §14.19(v), §14.19 and Ch.14