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11: 26.6 Other Lattice Path Numbers

§26.6 Other Lattice Path Numbers

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Delannoy Number $D(m,n)$

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Motzkin Number $M(n)$

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Narayana Number $N(n,k)$

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§26.6(iv) Identities

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12: 24.15 Related Sequences of Numbers

§24.15 Related Sequences of Numbers

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§24.15(i) Genocchi Numbers

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§24.15(ii) Tangent Numbers

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§24.15(iii) Stirling Numbers

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§24.15(iv) Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers

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13: 26.5 Lattice Paths: Catalan Numbers

§26.5 Lattice Paths: Catalan Numbers

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§26.5(i) Definitions

► $C\left(n\right)$ is the Catalan number. … ►

§26.5(ii) Generating Function

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§26.5(iii) Recurrence Relations

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14: 26.14 Permutations: Order Notation

… ►As an example, $35247816$ is an element of ${𝔖}_8.$ The inversion number is the number of pairs of elements for which the larger element precedes the smaller: … ► ►The Eulerian number, denoted , is the number of permutations in ${𝔖}_n$ with exactly $k$ descents. …The Eulerian number is equal to the number of permutations in ${𝔖}_n$ with exactly $k$ excedances. … ►

§26.14(iii) Identities

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15: 26.7 Set Partitions: Bell Numbers

§26.7 Set Partitions: Bell Numbers

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§26.7(i) Definitions

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§26.7(ii) Generating Function

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§26.7(iii) Recurrence Relation

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§26.7(iv) Asymptotic Approximation

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16: 26.8 Set Partitions: Stirling Numbers

§26.8 Set Partitions: Stirling Numbers

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§26.8(i) Definitions

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§26.8(v) Identities

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§26.8(vi) Relations to Bernoulli Numbers

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17: 24.19 Methods of Computation

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§24.19(i) Bernoulli and Euler Numbers and Polynomials

►Equations (24.5.3) and (24.5.4) enable $B_n$ and $E_n$ to be computed by recurrence. …A similar method can be used for the Euler numbers based on (4.19.5). … ►

§24.19(ii) Values of $B_n$ Modulo $p$

… ►We list here three methods, arranged in increasing order of efficiency. …

18: 27.17 Other Applications

§27.17 Other Applications

►Reed et al. (1990, pp. 458–470) describes a number-theoretic approach to Fourier analysis (called the arithmetic Fourier transform) that uses the Möbius inversion (27.5.7) to increase efficiency in computing coefficients of Fourier series. ►Congruences are used in constructing perpetual calendars, splicing telephone cables, scheduling round-robin tournaments, devising systematic methods for storing computer files, and generating pseudorandom numbers. … ►There are also applications of number theory in many diverse areas, including physics, biology, chemistry, communications, and art. …

19: 24.10 Arithmetic Properties

§24.10 Arithmetic Properties

… ►Here and elsewhere two rational numbers are congruent if the modulus divides the numerator of their difference. ►

§24.10(ii) Kummer Congruences

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§24.10(iii) Voronoi’s Congruence

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§24.10(iv) Factors

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20: 26.21 Tables

§26.21 Tables

►Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 24) tabulates binomial coefficients $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{m}{n}\right)$ for $m$ up to 50 and $n$ up to 25; extends Table 26.4.1 to $n=10$; tabulates Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds, $s(n,k)$ and $S(n,k)$, for $n$ up to 25 and $k$ up to $n$; tabulates partitions $p\left(n\right)$ and partitions into distinct parts $p(𝒟,n)$ for $n$ up to 500. ►Andrews (1976) contains tables of the number of unrestricted partitions, partitions into odd parts, partitions into parts $\cancel{\equiv }\pm 2(mod5)$, partitions into parts $\cancel{\equiv }\pm 1(mod5)$, and unrestricted plane partitions up to 100. It also contains a table of Gaussian polynomials up to ${\left[\genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{12}{6}\right]}_q$. ►Goldberg et al. (1976) contains tables of binomial coefficients to $n=100$ and Stirling numbers to $n=40$.