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11: 16.16 Transformations of Variables

… ►

16.16.5 $$F_3(\alpha ,\gamma -\alpha ;\beta ,\gamma -\beta ;\gamma ;x,y)={(1-y)}^{\alpha +\beta -\gamma }{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha ,\beta }{\gamma };x+y-xy),$$

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Symbols:

$F_3(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime };\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: third Appell function and ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

►

16.16.5_5 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,\beta ;x(1-y),y(1-x))={(1-x)}^{-\alpha }{(1-y)}^{-\alpha }{F}_1(\alpha ;\gamma -\beta ,\alpha -\gamma +1;\gamma ;\frac{x}{x-1},\frac{xy}{(1-x)(1-y)}),$$

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Symbols:

$F_1(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ;x,y)$: first Appell function and $F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function

Referenced by:

§16.16(i), Erratum (V1.1.12) for Additions

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E5_5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

Addition (effective with 1.1.12):

This equation was added.

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

… ►

16.16.7 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x(1-y),y(1-x))=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\alpha \right)}_k{\left(\beta \right)}_k{\left(\alpha +\beta -\gamma -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1\right)}_k}{{\left(\gamma \right)}_k{\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)}_{k}k!}{x}^k{y}^k{}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha +k,\beta +k}{\gamma +k};x){}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha +k,\beta +k}{{\gamma }^{\prime }+k};y);$$

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Symbols:

$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function, ${}_2{}^{}F_1^{}(a,b;c;z)$: $=F(a,b;c;z)$ notation for Gauss’ hypergeometric function, ${\left(a\right)}_n$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial) and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E7

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(i), §16.16 and Ch.16

… ►

16.16.9 $$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)={(1-x)}^{-\alpha }{F}_2(\alpha ;\gamma -\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };\frac{x}{x-1},\frac{y}{1-x}),$$

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Symbols:

$F_2(\alpha ;\beta ,{\beta }^{\prime };\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: second Appell function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E9

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(ii), §16.16 and Ch.16

►

16.16.10 $$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta -\alpha \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\beta \right)}{(-y)}^{-\alpha }{F}_4(\alpha ,\alpha -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1;\gamma ,\alpha -\beta +1;\frac{x}{y},\frac{1}{y})+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha -\beta \right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left({\gamma }^{\prime }-\beta \right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)}{(-y)}^{-\beta }{F}_4(\beta ,\beta -{\gamma }^{\prime }+1;\gamma ,\beta -\alpha +1;\frac{x}{y},\frac{1}{y}).$$

ⓘ

Symbols:

$F_4(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ,{\gamma }^{\prime };x,y)$: fourth Appell function and $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.16.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §16.16(ii), §16.16 and Ch.16

…

12: 5.13 Integrals

… ►

5.13.1 $$\frac{1}{2\pi \mathrm{i}}{\int }_{c-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{\infty }}^{c+\mathrm{i}\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(s+a\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b-s\right)z^{-s}ds=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+b\right)z^a}{{(1+z)}^{a+b}},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\left(a+b\right)>0$, , .

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{ph}$: phase, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $s$: real or complex variable, $z$: complex variable, $a$: real or complex variable and $b$: real or complex variable

Referenced by:

§5.13, §5.13, §5.19(ii)

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.13.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.13 and Ch.5

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5.13.2 $$\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{|\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+\mathrm{i}t\right)|}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{(2b-\pi )t}dt=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(2a\right)}{{(2\sin b)}^{2a}},$$ $a>0$, .

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\sin z$: sine function, $a$: real or complex variable and $b$: real or complex variable

Referenced by:

§5.13

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.13.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.13 and Ch.5

… ►

5.13.3 $$\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+\mathrm{i}t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+\mathrm{i}t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-\mathrm{i}t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(d-\mathrm{i}t\right)dt=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+c\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+d\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+c\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+d\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+b+c+d\right)},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }a,\mathrm{\Re }b,\mathrm{\Re }c,\mathrm{\Re }d>0$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $a$: real or complex variable and $b$: real or complex variable

Referenced by:

§5.13

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.13.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.13, §5.13 and Ch.5

… ►

5.13.4 $${\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{dt}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(c-t\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(d-t\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+b+c+d-3\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+c-1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+d-1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+c-1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+d-1\right)},$$ $\mathrm{\Re }\left(a+b+c+d\right)>3$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $a$: real or complex variable and $b$: real or complex variable

Referenced by:

§5.13

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.13.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.13, §5.13 and Ch.5

… ►

5.13.5 $\mathrm{\Re }\left(a_k\right)>0$, $k=1,2,3,4$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $dx$: differential of $x$ , $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\int$: integral, $\mathrm{\Re }$: real part, $j$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer and $a$: real or complex variable

Referenced by:

§5.13

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.13.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.13, §5.13 and Ch.5

…

13: 5.22 Tables

… ►Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 6) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(x\right)$, and ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(x\right)$ for $x=1(.005)2$ to 10D; ${\psi }^{\prime \prime }\left(x\right)$ and ${\psi }^{(3)}\left(x\right)$ for $x=1(.01)2$ to 10D; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, $1/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)$, $\psi \left(n\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{3}\right)$, ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)$, and ${\log }_{10}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\frac{2}{3}\right)$ for $n=1(1)101$ to 8–11S; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1\right)$ for $n=100(100)1000$ to 20S. Zhang and Jin (1996, pp. 67–69 and 72) tabulates $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $1/\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(-x\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(x\right)$, $\psi \left(-x\right)$, ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(x\right)$, and ${\psi }^{\prime }\left(-x\right)$ for $x=0(.1)5$ to 8D or 8S; $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1\right)$ for $n=0(1)100(10)250(50)500(100)3000$ to 51S. … ►Abramov (1960) tabulates $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=1$ ($.01$) $2$, $y=0$ ($.01$) $4$ to 6D. Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, Chapter 6) tabulates $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=1$ ($.1$) $2$, $y=0$ ($.1$) $10$ to 12D. …Zhang and Jin (1996, pp. 70, 71, and 73) tabulates the real and imaginary parts of $\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, $\ln \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$, and $\psi \left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)$ for $x=0.5,1,5,10$, $y=0(.5)10$ to 8S.

14: 30.6 Functions of Complex Argument

… ►The solutions ►

${\mathrm{𝑃𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2),$

►

${\mathrm{𝑄𝑠}}_n^m(z,{\gamma }^2),$

►of (30.2.1) with $\mu =m$ and $\lambda ={\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$ are real when $z\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$, and their principal values (§4.2(i)) are obtained by analytic continuation to $ℂ\setminus (-\mathrm{\infty },1]$. … ►with $A_n^{\pm m}({\gamma }^2)$ as in (30.11.4). …

15: 32.2 Differential Equations

… ►with $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$ arbitrary constants. … ►In general the singularities of the solutions are movable in the sense that their location depends on the constants of integration associated with the initial or boundary conditions. … ►For arbitrary values of the parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$, the general solutions of ${\text{P}}_{\text{I}}$–${\text{P}}_{\text{VI}}$ are transcendental, that is, they cannot be expressed in closed-form elementary functions. … ►If $\gamma \delta \ne 0$ in ${\text{P}}_{\text{III}}$, then set $\gamma =1$ and $\delta =-1$, without loss of generality, by rescaling $w$ and $z$ if necessary. …Lastly, if $\delta =0$ and $\beta \gamma \ne 0$, then set $\beta =-1$ and $\gamma =1$, without loss of generality. …

16: 8.8 Recurrence Relations and Derivatives

… ►

8.8.1 $$\gamma (a+1,z)=a\gamma (a,z)-z^a{\mathrm{e}}^{-z},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\gamma (a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

A&S Ref:

6.5.22

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.8.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.8 and Ch.8

… ►If $w(a,z)=\gamma (a,z)$ or $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$, then … ►

8.8.4 $$z{\gamma }^{\ast }(a+1,z)={\gamma }^{\ast }(a,z)-\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+1\right)}.$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, ${\gamma }^{\ast }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.8.E4

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.8 and Ch.8

… ►

8.8.8 $$\gamma (a,z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a-n\right)}\gamma (a-n,z)-z^{a-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a-k\right)}{z}^{-k},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\gamma (a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: parameter, $k$: nonnegative integer and $n$: nonnegative integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.8.E8

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.8 and Ch.8

… ►

8.8.10 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a-n\right)}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a-n,z)+z^{a-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-z}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a-k\right)}{z}^{-k},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: parameter, $k$: nonnegative integer and $n$: nonnegative integer

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.8.E10

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §8.8 and Ch.8

…

17: 5.8 Infinite Products

… ►

5.8.1 $$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)=\underset{k\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\frac{k!k^z}{z(z+1)\mathrm{\cdots }(z+k)},$$ $z\ne 0,-1,-2,\mathrm{\dots }$,

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.1.2

Referenced by:

§5.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.8.E1

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.8 and Ch.5

►

5.8.2 $$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)}=z{\mathrm{e}}^{\gamma z}\prod _{k=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(1+\frac{z}{k}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-z/k},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\gamma$: Euler’s constant, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $k$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable

A&S Ref:

6.1.3

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.8.E2

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.8 and Ch.5

►

5.8.3 $${\left|\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(x+\mathrm{i}y\right)}\right|}^2=\prod _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(1+\frac{y^2}{{(x+k)}^2}\right),$$ $x\ne 0,-1,\mathrm{\dots }$.

ⓘ

Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $k$: nonnegative integer, $x$: real variable and $y$: real variable

A&S Ref:

6.1.25 (where the formula for the reciprocal is given.)

Referenced by:

§5.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.8.E3

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.8 and Ch.5

… ►

5.8.5 $$\prod _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(a_1+k)(a_2+k)\mathrm{\cdots }(a_m+k)}{(b_1+k)(b_2+k)\mathrm{\cdots }(b_m+k)}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_2\right)\mathrm{\cdots }\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_m\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a_1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a_2\right)\mathrm{\cdots }\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a_m\right)},$$

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Symbols:

$\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $m$: nonnegative integer, $k$: nonnegative integer, $a_k$: coefficient and $b_k$: coefficient

Referenced by:

§5.8

Permalink:

http://dlmf.nist.gov/5.8.E5

Encodings:

pMML, png, TeX

See also:

Annotations for §5.8 and Ch.5

…

18: 15.11 Riemann’s Differential Equation

… ►The most general form is given by … ►Here $\{a_1,a_2\}$, $\{b_1,b_2\}$, $\{c_1,c_2\}$ are the exponent pairs at the points $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, respectively. …Also, if any of $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, is at infinity, then we take the corresponding limit in (15.11.1). … ►where $\kappa$, $\lambda$, $\mu$, $\nu$ are real or complex constants such that $\kappa \nu -\lambda \mu =1$. These constants can be chosen to map any two sets of three distinct points $\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \}$ and $\{\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta },\tilde{\gamma }\}$ onto each other. …

19: 30.4 Functions of the First Kind

… ►The eigenfunctions of (30.2.1) that correspond to the eigenvalues ${\lambda }_n^m\left({\gamma }^2\right)$ are denoted by ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$, $n=m,m+1,m+2,\mathrm{\dots }$. …the sign of ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(0,{\gamma }^2)$ being ${(-1)}^{(n+m)/2}$ when $n-m$ is even, and the sign of ${d{\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)/dx|}_{x=0}$ being ${(-1)}^{(n+m-1)/2}$ when $n-m$ is odd. ►When ${\gamma }^2>0$ ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$ is the prolate angular spheroidal wave function, and when ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$ is the oblate angular spheroidal wave function. If $\gamma =0$, ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,0)$ reduces to the Ferrers function ${𝖯}_n^m\left(x\right)$: … ► ${\mathrm{𝖯𝗌}}_n^m(x,{\gamma }^2)$ has exactly $n-m$ zeros in the interval . …

20: 8.2 Definitions and Basic Properties

… ►The general values of the incomplete gamma functions $\gamma (a,z)$ and $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$ are defined by … ►In this subsection the functions $\gamma$ and $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ have their general values. ►The function ${\gamma }^{\ast }(a,z)$ is entire in $z$ and $a$. … ►If $w=\gamma (a,z)$ or $\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$, then … ►If $w={\mathrm{e}}^z{z}^{1-a}\mathrm{\Gamma }(a,z)$, then …