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21: 27.1 Special Notation
§27.1 Special Notation
d , k , m , n positive integers (unless otherwise indicated).
p , p 1 , p 2 , prime numbers (or primes): integers ( > 1 ) with only two positive integer divisors, 1 and the number itself.
x , y real numbers.
22: 27.12 Asymptotic Formulas: Primes
§27.12 Asymptotic Formulas: Primes
Prime Number Theorem
The number of such primes not exceeding x is … There are infinitely many Carmichael numbers.
23: 27.2 Functions
§27.2(i) Definitions
where p 1 , p 2 , , p ν ( n ) are the distinct prime factors of n , each exponent a r is positive, and ν ( n ) is the number of distinct primes dividing n . … (See Gauss (1863, Band II, pp. 437–477) and Legendre (1808, p. 394).) …
§27.2(ii) Tables
24: 24.5 Recurrence Relations
§24.5 Recurrence Relations
24.5.3 k = 0 n 1 ( n k ) B k = 0 , n = 2 , 3 , ,
24.5.5 k = 0 n ( n k ) 2 k E n k + E n = 2 .
§24.5(ii) Other Identities
§24.5(iii) Inversion Formulas
25: 24.6 Explicit Formulas
§24.6 Explicit Formulas
24.6.1 B 2 n = k = 2 2 n + 1 ( 1 ) k 1 k ( 2 n + 1 k ) j = 1 k 1 j 2 n ,
24.6.4 E 2 n = k = 1 n 1 2 k 1 j = 1 k ( 1 ) j ( 2 k k j ) j 2 n ,
24.6.9 B n = k = 0 n 1 k + 1 j = 0 k ( 1 ) j ( k j ) j n ,
24.6.12 E 2 n = k = 0 2 n 1 2 k j = 0 k ( 1 ) j ( k j ) ( 1 + 2 j ) 2 n .
26: 27.13 Functions
§27.13(i) Introduction
Whereas multiplicative number theory is concerned with functions arising from prime factorization, additive number theory treats functions related to addition of integers. …The subsections that follow describe problems from additive number theory. …
§27.13(ii) Goldbach Conjecture
§27.13(iii) Waring’s Problem
27: Bibliography
  • A. Adelberg (1996) Congruences of p -adic integer order Bernoulli numbers. J. Number Theory 59 (2), pp. 374–388.
  • H. Alzer (2000) Sharp bounds for the Bernoulli numbers. Arch. Math. (Basel) 74 (3), pp. 207–211.
  • T. M. Apostol and I. Niven (1994) Number Theory. In The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 25, pp. 14–37.
  • T. M. Apostol (2000) A Centennial History of the Prime Number Theorem. In Number Theory, Trends Math., pp. 1–14.
  • T. M. Apostol (2008) A primer on Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Math. Mag. 81 (3), pp. 178–190.
  • 28: 26.13 Permutations: Cycle Notation
    The Stirling cycle numbers of the first kind, denoted by [ n k ] , count the number of permutations of { 1 , 2 , , n } with exactly k cycles. They are related to Stirling numbers of the first kind by …See §26.8 for generating functions, recurrence relations, identities, and asymptotic approximations. … The derangement number, d ( n ) , is the number of elements of 𝔖 n with no fixed points: … A permutation is even or odd according to the parity of the number of transpositions. …
    29: 27.9 Quadratic Characters
    §27.9 Quadratic Characters
    For an odd prime p , the Legendre symbol ( n | p ) is defined as follows. …
    27.9.2 ( 2 | p ) = ( 1 ) ( p 2 1 ) / 8 .
    If p , q are distinct odd primes, then the quadratic reciprocity law states that … If an odd integer P has prime factorization P = r = 1 ν ( n ) p r a r , then the Jacobi symbol ( n | P ) is defined by ( n | P ) = r = 1 ν ( n ) ( n | p r ) a r , with ( n | 1 ) = 1 . …
    30: 24.21 Software
    §24.21(ii) B n , B n ( x ) , E n , and E n ( x )