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21: 27.12 Asymptotic Formulas: Primes
§27.12 Asymptotic Formulas: Primes
… ►Prime Number Theorem
… ►The number of such primes not exceeding is … ►There are infinitely many Carmichael numbers.22: 27.2 Functions
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►
§27.2(i) Definitions
… ►where are the distinct prime factors of , each exponent is positive, and is the number of distinct primes dividing . … ►(See Gauss (1863, Band II, pp. 437–477) and Legendre (1808, p. 394).) … ► … ►§27.2(ii) Tables
…23: 24.5 Recurrence Relations
§24.5 Recurrence Relations
… ►
24.5.3
,
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24.5.5
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§24.5(ii) Other Identities
… ►§24.5(iii) Inversion Formulas
…24: 24.6 Explicit Formulas
25: 27.13 Functions
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►
§27.13(i) Introduction
►Whereas multiplicative number theory is concerned with functions arising from prime factorization, additive number theory treats functions related to addition of integers. …The subsections that follow describe problems from additive number theory. … ►§27.13(ii) Goldbach Conjecture
… ►§27.13(iii) Waring’s Problem
…26: Bibliography
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Congruences of -adic integer order Bernoulli numbers.
J. Number Theory 59 (2), pp. 374–388.
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Sharp bounds for the Bernoulli numbers.
Arch. Math. (Basel) 74 (3), pp. 207–211.
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Number Theory.
In The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Vol. 25, pp. 14–37.
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A Centennial History of the Prime Number Theorem.
In Number Theory,
Trends Math., pp. 1–14.
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A primer on Bernoulli numbers and polynomials.
Math. Mag. 81 (3), pp. 178–190.
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27: 26.13 Permutations: Cycle Notation
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►The Stirling cycle numbers of the first kind, denoted by , count the number of permutations of with exactly cycles.
They are related to Stirling numbers of the first kind by
…See §26.8 for generating functions, recurrence relations, identities, and asymptotic approximations.
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►The derangement number, , is the number of elements of with no fixed points:
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►A permutation is even or odd according to the parity of the number of transpositions.
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28: 27.9 Quadratic Characters
§27.9 Quadratic Characters
►For an odd prime , the Legendre symbol is defined as follows. … ►
27.9.2
►If are distinct odd primes, then the quadratic reciprocity law states that
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►If an odd integer has prime factorization , then the Jacobi symbol
is defined by , with .
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29: 24.21 Software
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►
§24.21(ii) , , , and
…30: 27.19 Methods of Computation: Factorization
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►Techniques for factorization of integers fall into three general classes: Deterministic algorithms, Type I probabilistic algorithms whose expected running time depends on the size of the smallest prime factor, and Type II probabilistic algorithms whose expected running time depends on the size of the number to be factored.
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►As of January 2009 the largest prime factors found by these methods are a 19-digit prime for Brent–Pollard rho, a 58-digit prime for Pollard , and a 67-digit prime for ecm.
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►These algorithms include the Continued Fraction Algorithm (cfrac), the Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve (mpqs), the General
Number Field Sieve (gnfs), and the Special Number Field Sieve (snfs).
…The snfs can be applied only to numbers that are very close to a power of a very small base.
The largest composite numbers that have been factored by other Type II probabilistic algorithms are a 63-digit integer by cfrac, a 135-digit integer by mpqs, and a 182-digit integer by gnfs.
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