The angular momentum coupling coefficients (
,
, and
symbols) are
essential in the fields of nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics.
For applications in nuclear structure, see de-Shalit and Talmi (1963);
in atomic spectroscopy, see Biedenharn and van Dam (1965, pp. 134–200),
Judd (1998), Sobelman (1992, Chapter 4),
Shore and Menzel (1968, pp. 268–303), and Wigner (1959); in
molecular spectroscopy and chemical reactions, see
Burshtein and Temkin (1994, Chapter 5), and Judd (1975).
, and
symbols are also found in multipole expansions
of solutions of the Laplace and Helmholtz equations; see Carlson and Rushbrooke (1950)
and Judd (1976).