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31 Heun FunctionsProperties

§31.11 Expansions in Series of Hypergeometric Functions

Contents
  1. §31.11(i) Introduction
  2. §31.11(ii) General Form
  3. §31.11(iii) Type I
  4. §31.11(iv) Type II
  5. §31.11(v) Doubly-Infinite Series

§31.11(i) Introduction

The formulas in this section are given in Svartholm (1939) and Erdélyi (1942b, 1944).

The series of Type I (§31.11(iii)) are useful since they represent the functions in large domains. Series of Type II (§31.11(iv)) are expansions in orthogonal polynomials, which are useful in calculations of normalization integrals for Heun functions; see Erdélyi (1944) and §31.9(i).

For other expansions see §31.16(ii).

§31.11(ii) General Form

Let w(z) be any Fuchs–Frobenius solution of Heun’s equation. Expand

31.11.1 w(z)=j=0cjPj,

where (§15.11(i))

31.11.2 Pj=P{0100λ+jz1γ1δμj},

with

31.11.3 λ+μ=γ+δ1=α+βϵ.

The Fuchs-Frobenius solutions at are

31.11.3_1 Pj5=(λ)j(1γ+λ)j(1+λμ)2jzλjF12(λ+j,1γ+λ+j1+λμ+2j;1z),
31.11.3_2 Pj6=(λμ)2j(1μ)j(γμ)jzμ+jF12(μj,1γ+μj1λ+μ2j;1z).

Taking Pj=Pj5 or Pj=Pj6 the coefficients cj satisfy the equations

31.11.4 L0c0+M0c1=0,
31.11.5 Kjcj1+Ljcj+Mjcj+1=0,
j=1,2,,

where we take c0=1 and where

31.11.6 Kj =(j+αμ1)(j+βμ1)(j+γμ1)(jμ)(2j+λμ1)(2j+λμ2),
31.11.7 Lj =a(λ+j)(μj)q+(j+αμ)(j+βμ)(j+γμ)(j+λ)(2j+λμ)(2j+λμ+1)+(jα+λ)(jβ+λ)(jγ+λ)(jμ)(2j+λμ)(2j+λμ1),
31.11.8 Mj =(jα+λ+1)(jβ+λ+1)(jγ+λ+1)(j+λ)(2j+λμ+1)(2j+λμ+2).

λ, μ must also satisfy the condition

31.11.9 M1P1=0.

§31.11(iii) Type I

Here

31.11.10 λ =α,
μ =βϵ,

or

31.11.11 λ =β,
μ =αϵ.

Then condition (31.11.9) is satisfied.

Every Fuchs–Frobenius solution of Heun’s equation (31.2.1) can be represented by a series of Type I. For instance, choose (31.11.10). Then the Fuchs–Frobenius solution at belonging to the exponent α has the expansion (31.11.1) with

31.11.12 Pj5=(α)j(1γ+α)j(1+αβ+ϵ)2jzαjF12(α+j,1γ+α+j1+αβ+ϵ+2j;1z),

and (31.11.1) converges to (31.3.10) outside the ellipse in the z-plane with foci at 0, 1, and passing through the third finite singularity at z=a.

Every Heun function (§31.4) can be represented by a series of Type I convergent in the whole plane cut along a line joining the two singularities of the Heun function.

For example, consider the Heun function which is analytic at z=a and has exponent α at . The expansion (31.11.1) with (31.11.12) is convergent in the plane cut along the line joining the two singularities z=0 and z=1. In this case the accessory parameter q is a root of the continued-fraction equation

31.11.13 (L0/M0)K1/M1L1/M1K2/M2L2/M2=0.

The case α=n for nonnegative integer n corresponds to the Heun polynomial 𝐻𝑝n,m(z).

The expansion (31.11.1) for a Heun function that is associated with any branch of (31.11.2)—other than a multiple of the right-hand side of (31.11.12)—is convergent inside the ellipse .

§31.11(iv) Type II

Here one of the following four pairs of conditions is satisfied:

31.11.14 λ =γ+δ1,
μ =0,
31.11.15 λ =γ,
μ =δ1,
31.11.16 λ =δ,
μ =γ1,
31.11.17 λ =1,
μ =γ+δ2.

In each case Pj6 can be expressed in terms of a Jacobi polynomial (§18.3). Such series diverge for Fuchs–Frobenius solutions. For Heun functions (§31.4) they are convergent inside the ellipse . Every Heun function can be represented by a series of Type II.

§31.11(v) Doubly-Infinite Series

Schmidt (1979) gives expansions of path-multiplicative solutions (§31.6) in terms of doubly-infinite series of hypergeometric functions.