In this subsection, and also §§19.20(ii)–19.20(v), the
variables of all
-functions satisfy the constraints specified in
§19.16(i) unless other conditions are stated.
The first lemniscate constant is given by
Todd (1975) refers to a proof by T. Schneider that this is a transcendental number. The general lemniscatic case is
where
may be permuted.
When the variables are real and distinct, the various cases of
are called circular (hyperbolic) cases if
is positive (negative), because they typically occur in
conjunction with inverse circular (hyperbolic) functions. Cases encountered in
dynamical problems are usually circular; hyperbolic cases include Cauchy
principal values. If
are permuted so that
, then the
Cauchy principal value of
is given by
valid when
or
Since
,
is in a hyperbolic region. In the complete case
(
) (19.20.14) reduces to